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 Table of Contents  
CASE REPORT
Year : 2019  |  Volume : 10  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 42-48

Prediction in an ortho surgical case: A report


Department of Orthodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Date of Web Publication28-Feb-2019

Correspondence Address:
Shilpa Kalra
Department of Orthodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijor.ijor_23_18

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  Abstract 

The prediction of orthognathic treatment is an important part of treatment planning. The manual method of prediction tracing by Epker and Fish had been the gold standard in planning for orthognathic cases. Because it was time-consuming, hence computerized methods gained the popularity. A 19-year-old boy reported with a chief complaint of forwardly placed lower jaw and poor smile for the past 2 years. Examination revealed the mandibular prognathism, obtuse nasolabial angle, posterior cross bite with reverse overjet of 1 mm–0.5 mm of overbite, and bilateral Class III molar and canine relation. There was also the deviation of 1.5 mm midline to left present. On the basis of findings, a diagnosis of mandibular prognathism was made. Treatment planning included an orthognathic surgery (Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy) for the mandibular setback. For the surgical procedure, both manual and computerized methods of prediction were done. Both tracing methods result was same and recommended the mandibular setback of 5 mm.

Keywords: Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, orthognathic, orthosurgical


How to cite this article:
Kalra S, Tikku T, Khanna R, Maurya R P, Verma S, Srivastava K, Srivastava A. Prediction in an ortho surgical case: A report. Int J Orthod Rehabil 2019;10:42-8

How to cite this URL:
Kalra S, Tikku T, Khanna R, Maurya R P, Verma S, Srivastava K, Srivastava A. Prediction in an ortho surgical case: A report. Int J Orthod Rehabil [serial online] 2019 [cited 2024 Mar 28];10:42-8. Available from: https://www.orthodrehab.org/text.asp?2019/10/1/42/253270


  Introduction Top


Various treatment modalities in orthodontics include growth modification procedures in growing children, orthodontic camouflage, and ortho surgical procedures in nongrowing individuals. Combined treatment of orthodontics with surgery had been the only answer to achieve the desired predictive results in adults with severe skeletal discrepancy.[1] Evolution is the key to life. Innovations and inventions have brought in a new era in every walk of human life is the field of orthodontics.

The prediction of orthognathic treatment outcome is an important part of treatment planning in ortho surgical cases and plays a very important role in obtaining the patient's consent for the procedure.[2] The predicted result must be presented to the patient before treatment to access the treatment feasibility, optimize case management helps, in patient understanding, and acceptance of recommended treatment.

Cephalogram prediction in orthognathic surgery can be performed by manual methods or computerized methods. Manual methods used a template or overlay method for prediction.[3] Historically, Cohen used cutout of different regions to be moved surgically along the occlusal plane of the original tracing to predict results. McNeil used mounted dental casts to establish tentative posttreatment dental relationship and used overlay cephalogram tracing for assessment of changes.[4] Henderson combined patients cephalogram tracing with profile photographic transparency. The assessment of the effect of different osteotomes on the profile was made by sectioning the transparency along projected osteotomy lines. Similarly, Hohl et al. combined cephalogram tracing with a profile photo.

The manual method of prediction tracing as illustrated by Epker and Fish had been the gold standard in planning for ortho surgical cases.[5] This method was adapted from Ricketts cephalogram analysis, growth prediction, and visual treatment objective construction as presented by Bench et al. Later on, Arnett simplified the prediction analysis of Epker and Fish and developed surgical treatment planning analysis for prediction of results.

Template method was more time-consuming, whereas acetate tracings were of lesser value in the visualization of profile outcome. Here, the final outcome of the profile depends on clinical experience and artistic skills. Hence, computerized methods gained popularity with the advent of two-dimensional (2D) digital imaging system and 2D cephalometric software-aided in the process of predictive assessment in treatment planning of ortho surgical cases. Nowadays, shift is occurring toward viewing the patient as co-decision-maker. Ackerman says that we should “talk with” rather than “talk to” the patient. 2D imaging software and 2D printing have made the process of diagnosis; treatment planning and patient involvement in their treatment are much simpler, more accurate, acceptable, and reliable for both orthodontist and patient.

I shall be discussing the commonly used method of manual tracing, i.e., Epker, Fish and Arnett's method, and computerized method of prediction using Nemoceph cephalogram software in this case report.


  Case Report Top


A 19-year-old boy who reported to the Department of Orthodontics, BBDCODS with a chief complaint of forwardly placed lower jaw and poor smile for 2 years. Extraoral examination revealed well-built, a mesomorphic boy with a symmetrical face, mesoprosopic facial form, and incompetent lips. There was 1 mm of mandibular incisors exposure at rest. On lateral examination, the mandibular prognathism with an obtuse nasolabial angle was noted [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Showing the preoperative pic

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Intraoral examination revealed the posterior crossbite w.r.t upper posteriors on left side and premolars and 1st molar on the right side. Both the arches were U-shaped with rotated molars in the upper arch and premolar rotation in the lower arch. There was a reverse overjet of 1 mm and 0.5 mm of overbite present with bilateral Class III molar and canine relation. There was also the deviation of 1.5 mm midline to left present [Figure 2].
Figure 2: Intraoral preoperative frontal pictures

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Digital cephalogram was traced manually, and also cephalogram tracing was conducted using Nemoceph software, and values of Steiner's, cephalometrics for orthognathic surgery, and Arnett analysis were interpreted to know about the quality and quantity of skeletal discrepancy [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]. Cephalometric findings revealed that maxilla was the retrognathic sagittally and normal vertically and mandible was prognathic with a horizontal growth pattern. Maxillary central incisors were both protruded and proclaimed, whereas mandibular central incisors were retroclined. Orthodontic camouflage would have corrected the reverse overjet by doing extraction in the mandibular arch, but this would not address the patient's chief complaint of forwardly placed lower jaw.
Table 1: Cephalometric readings for steiner analysis

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Table 2: Cephalometric readings for COGS (Hard tissue) analysis

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Table 3: Arnett's analysis

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Considering the chief complaint, the extent of skeletal discrepancy and amount of reverse overjet, it was decided to correct the skeletal Class III malocclusion by doing orthodontic treatment initially followed by mandibular setback surgery and later FOSLA was made. Surgical treatment was planned with the aim of achieving facial esthetics and optimal functional occlusion.

After performing a scaling, treatment was begun with 0.022” × 0.028” Roth system. The upper and lower arches were aligned until a 0.019” × 0.025” stainless steel archwire could be placed [Figure 3].
Figure 3: Intraoral preoperative occlusal view

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To predict the final outcome, we decided to do prediction by both manual and computerized method as will be explained now.

Manual predictive tracing: The following steps were taken.

  1. All usual structures (cranial base, maxilla, mandible, teeth, soft tissue, etc.) were traced from the pretreatment cephalometric radiograph
  2. Frankfort horizontal and subnasal perpendicular were dropped
  3. Following surgical reference marks were made [Figure 4]:
  4. Figure 4: Showing the reference marks

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    • Ref Line no 1: A line across ramus parallel to and 5 mm above the occlusal plane (just above the lingual). This corresponds to horizontal osteotomy of the sagittal split
    • Ref Line no 2: A line just distal to mandibular 2nd molar and perpendicular to the occlusal plane. This corresponds to vertical osteotomy of the sagittal split
    • Ref Line no 3: A line crossing the reference line no 2, parallel to and 20 mm below the occlusal plane
    • Ref Line no 4: Two dots on the reference line 3, 20 mm apart, one on either side of reference line no 2. This simplifies access to the location of the posterior dot at surgery
    • Ref Line no 5: It corresponds to the horizontal osteotomy for a genioplasty when needed in conjunction with the mandibular setback. This line lies 5 mm below the mental foramen and intersects the inferior border of the mandible below the first molars.


    This drawing is referred to as the Tracing (Black line).

  5. The prediction (red line) was done by tracing the distal mandible, mandibular teeth, and reference lines on a new piece of tracing acetate overlaid on the black line tracing. Bony and soft-tissue chin are traced with the dashed line. This approximates actual geometry of distal mandible which will be repositioned at surgery [Figure 5]
  6. Prediction is moved backward by 5 mm on the tracing to achieve the ideal occlusal relation and stable structures, including the proximal mandible and reference lines were traced. The relation of proximal and distal ramus segments is noted in the body area laterally and in the anterior border area of ramus (Shaded area). The amount of overlapping represents the amount of bone to be removed in the orthognathic reconstructive surgery section that follows, i.e., 5 mm [Figure 6]
  7. Subnasal perpendicular and vertical facial soft-tissue reference as previously constructed on tracing plans the soft-tissue relation. Thus, maintaining the super imposition shown in the figure, the relation of the soft-tissue chin on prediction to the soft-tissue reference on tracing is visualized. Ideally, the soft-tissue chin is 4 + 2 mm behind the subnasal perpendicular. After setback at pogonion was 2 mm from subnasal perpendicular and hence was within the normal range. Hence, genioplasty was not planned for this case
  8. The lower lip is traced on prediction as final step [Figure 7].
Figure 5: Showing the actual geometry of mandible

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Figure 6: Showing the amount of overlapping

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Figure 7: Tracing of the lower lip

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Computerized cephalogram predictive tracing (Nemoceph) using the following steps:

  1. Patient's cephalogram and pictures were uploaded in Nemoceph software
  2. The cephalogram was calibrated, and tracing was performed using the software
  3. Once all the landmarks were marked, and tracing was completed, the adjustments of landmarks and various planes were done
  4. Following this, the patient's lateral profile photo was superimposed on the cephalogram and the tracing
  5. After this, a new treatment plan, i.e., surgical plan, was selected
  6. Positive overjet was achieved, molars were moved into Class I molar relationship on setting the mandible back by 5 mm
  7. The new cephalogram tracing was automatically drawn with this new setback reading
  8. The morphing was done to appreciate the change in the lateral profile of the patient [Figure 8].
Figure 8: Showing the morphing

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  Results Top


The value for mandibular setback as predicted using both the methods was 5 mm. Following this, a model mock surgery was done for visualizing 3D postoperative relationship of jaws with positive overjet and Class I molar relation [Figure 9]. The surgical stent was made at this position.
Figure 9: Showing the mock surgery

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Surgery was performed with the support of the Department of the Maxillofacial Surgery of BBDCODS, Lucknow. The bilateral sagittal osteotomy was conducted, and rigid fixation was placed in the mandible through the use of four-hole miniplates on both sides [Figure 10]. To keep the mandible in the correct position, the use of intermaxillary elastics for 30 days was given to achieve maximum stability. Active orthodontic treatment was resumed 4 weeks after surgery. The objective is to achieve ideal occlusal relationships, regarding canine class, molar relationship, overjet, overbite, and matching dental midlines. The patient is still under orthodontic treatment [Figure 11].
Figure 10: Showing the surgery

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Figure 11: Postoperative picture

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  Discussion Top


When the skeletal or dentoalveolar deformity is so severe that the magnitude of the problem lies outside the envelope of possible correction by orthodontics alone and even the camouflage is also not the option then orthognathic surgery is the best plan. This case report was done to compare the accuracy of cephalometric readings of manual tracing of to digital software tracing. The reproducibility of cephalometric points in the manual method as compare the analysis of digital image was controversial for a long time. Nowadays, due to advancement in the technology, the manual method is becoming a handicap. The operator experience is crucial in landmark identification. Therefore, only one operator did all the predictive tracings to rule out interoperator error as stated by Sayinsu et al.[6] Both findings of manual tracing and digital tracing showed the same values which are contrary to the findings of Chen et al.[7] Although in this case report, the values of both predictive tracing methods were same because of the less time-consuming, less chances of error, and ease of identification of anatomical landmarks, the digital tracings is a more accurate method for cephalometric analysis.


  Conclusion Top


A careful prediction is mandatory before planning for an orthognathic case. Computerized predictions do not directly affect the patient's treatment decisions but may indirectly affect them by strengthening the patients' self-image, motivation and expectations and confirming the necessity of surgery as a treatment option by painting a verbal picture.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.

Financial support and sponsorship

Departmental.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.
Proffit WR, White RP Jr. Who needs surgical-orthodontic treatment? Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1990;5:81-9.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Kolokitha OE, Topouzelis N. Cephalometric methods of prediction in orthognathic surgery. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2011;10:236-45.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Proffit WR Treatment planning: The search for wisdom. In: Proffit WR, White RP, editors. Surgical Orthodontic Treatment. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1991. p. 142-91.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
McNeill RW, Proffit WR, White RP. Cephalometric prediction for orthodontic surgery. Angle Orthod 1972;42:154-64.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Epker BN, Fish LC. Dentofacial Deformities, Integrated Orthodontic and Surgical Correction. 2nd ed., Vol. II. Mosby: St Louis; 1980.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Sayinsu K, Isik F, Trakyali G, Arun T. An evaluation of the errors in cephalometric measurements on scanned cephalometric images and conventional tracings. Eur J Orthod 2007;29:105-8.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Chen SK, Chen YJ, Yao CC, Chang HF. Enhanced speed and precision of measurement in a computer-assisted digital cephalometric analysis system. Angle Orthod 2004;74:501-7.  Back to cited text no. 7
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10], [Figure 11]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]



 

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Abstract
Introduction
Case Report
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
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